Four Modernizations

Four Modernizations
Traditional Chinese 四個現代化
Simplified Chinese 四个现代化

The Four Modernizations were goals, set forth by Zhou Enlai in 1963, to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, science and technology in China.[1] Henceforth the Four Modernizations were a focus of the Chinese government, especially under Deng Xiaoping.

Contents

Summary

They were introduced as early as January 1963: at the Conference on Scientific and Technological Work held in Shanghai that month, Zhou Enlai called for professionals in the sciences to realize "the Four Modernizations."[2] In February 1963, at the National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology Work, Nie Rongzhen specifically referred to the Four Modernizations as comprising agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.[3] In 1975, in one of his last public acts, Zhou Enlai made another pitch for the Four Modernizations at the 4th National People's Congress. After Zhou's death and Mao’s soon thereafter, Deng Xiaoping assumed control of the party in late 1978. In December 1978 at the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping announced the official launch of the Four Modernizations, formally marking the beginning of the reform era.

The Four Modernizations were designed to make China a great economic power by the early 21st century. These reforms essentially stressed economic self-reliance. The People's Republic of China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade by opening up its markets, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. By participating in such export-led growth, China was able to speed up its economic development through foreign investment, a more open market, access to advanced technologies, and management experience.

Controversy

On December 5, 1978 in Beijing, former red guard Wei Jingsheng posted on the Democracy Wall the Fifth Modernization as being "democracy". He was arrested a few months later and jailed for 15 years.[4]

References

  1. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. "Four Modernizations Era". A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. University of Washington. Archived from the original on OCTOBER 7, 2010 22:15:11. http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 
  2. ^ 人民日报 (31 January 1963). "在上海举行的科学技术工作会议上周恩来阐述科学技术现代化的重大意义 [Science and Technology in Shanghai at the conference on Zhou Enlai explained the significance of modern science and technology]" (in Chinese). People's Daily (Central Committee of the Communist Party of China): pp. 1. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20 20:52:47. http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475&fpage=14. 
  3. ^ 人民日报 (22 February 1963). "阐明农业科学技术工作任务 [Clarify the tasks of agricultural science and technology]" (in Chinese). People's Daily (Central Committee of the Communist Party of China): pp. 1. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20 21:04:54. http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=303499&fpage=10. 
  4. ^ Brook, Daniel (2005). Modern revolution: social change and cultural continuity in Czechoslovakia and China. University Press of America. pp. 109. ISBN 9780761831938. http://books.google.com/books?id=59PQMaQ8akoC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A0761831932&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

Further reading